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Total solids (TS) refers to all the components in a liquid food sample that remain after all the water has evaporated. This includes both dissolved solids (such as sugars, salts, and proteins) and suspended solids (like minute particles), as well as fats, minerals, and other constituents found in food. In products like milk, Total solids […]

Milk is a vital component of the human diet, valued for its high nutritional content, including proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Due to its widespread consumption, milk quality and purity are major public health concerns. However, milk is sometimes adulterated with substances such as starch like corn starch, wheat flour, rice flour, and arrowroot flour,potato starch etc. To

Wastewater generated from domestic, commercial, and industrial activities often contains significant amounts of oil and grease. These substances originate from sources such as food processing units, restaurants, petroleum industries and households. Oil and grease are not single compounds but a mixture of fats, oils, waxes, and hydrocarbons that are insoluble or only slightly soluble in

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) represents the amount of undissolved particles—like silt, clay, organic matter, and industrial waste—present in water. It is one of the most important parameters for assessing water quality in drinking water, wastewater, rivers, and industrial effluents.Here we tested TSS in surface water. Glassware Used in TSS Detection in Water Procedure of Total

Nitrates are compounds made of nitrogen and oxygen that are commonly found in water. They can enter water sources through fertilizers used in agriculture, animal waste, sewage. Although small amounts of nitrates occur naturally, high nitrate levels can be harmful to both humans and the environment. In drinking water, excessive nitrates can be dangerous to

Saponification Value (Sap Value) testing is an important analytical method used in fats and oils products.This testing is also widely used in food analysis, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and soap manufacturing to assess quality, purity, and suitability for specific applications It measures the amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH), expressed in milligrams, required to completely saponify one gram

Free residual chlorine is the portion of chlorine that remains in water after the disinfection process and is available to inactivate harmful microorganisms.The iodometric method is a reliable and widely used titrimetric technique for determining free residual chlorine in drinking water and treated water supplies, ensuring effective disinfection and compliance with water quality standards. Free

Gluten is a group of proteins found mainly in wheat, barley, rye, and related grains, and it plays an important role in giving dough its elasticity, helping bread rise, and creating the chewy texture found in many baked goods. While gluten is harmless for most people, it is a serious concern for individuals with celiac

Sucrose determination in honey is an important quality-control test used to assess purity and detect possible adulteration. Honey naturally contains very low sucrose because most of the sucrose from nectar is enzymatically converted into glucose and fructose by bees. Fehling’s method is a classical analytical technique that measures reducing sugars based on their ability to

Arsenic is a naturally occurring element found in the earth’s crust, but it can enter water sources through both natural processes and human activities. In groundwater, arsenic often dissolves from mineral deposits.Industrial areas such as mining, pesticide use, and improper waste disposal can further elevate arsenic levels in surface and groundwater. Because arsenic is colorless,